Summary of Terahertz Optical Transistors Beat Silicon
Purdue University researchers developed a CMOS-compatible all-optical transistor using aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). This device achieves speeds up to 4 THz by reducing electron-hole recombination time to under one picosecond, surpassing silicon transistors. The technology utilizes low-temperature processing suitable for back-end-of-line fabrication and operates at telecommunications wavelengths with high reflectance modulation.
Parts used in the All-Optical Transistor:
- Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) material
- Complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS)
- Telecommunications infrared (IR) standards
- Deep-level defects in AZO films
- Ultra-high carrier concentration
PORTLAND, Ore.–Purdue University researchers have demonstrated a CMOS-compatible all-optical transistor capable of 4THz speeds, potentially over a 1000 times faster than silicon transistors.
Nano-photonic transistors processed at low-temperatures can be fabricated atop complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) to boost switching time by ~5,000-times less than 300 femtoseconds (fs) or almost 4 terahertz (THz), according to researchers at Purdue University. The aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) material from which these optical transistors are fabricated has a tunable dielectric permittivity compatible with all telecommunications infrared (IR) standards.
“The limiting time is ~300fs for a speed of ~4THz although it could be faster if you sacrifice some of the performance,” doctoral candidate Nathaniel Kinsey told EE Times. Kinsey is working with Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana) professors Alexandra Boltasseva, a EE, and Vladimir Shalaev, the scientific director of nano-photonics at Purdue’s Birck Nanotechnology Center.
“What is important,” Kinsey continued, “is that electrical transistors are limited by the RC delay time while the limiting mechanism for our ‘all optical transistor’ is recombination time. These are entirely different mechanisms and the latter could enable much more freedom in engineering performance and responses to reach faster switching speeds than the electrical counterpart.”
The transparent conducting oxides making up these photonic transistors are CMOS-compatible materials with low optical loss that can be processed at temperatures low enough for back-end-of-line (BEOL) fabrication. Their metal-like, versatile and tunable behavior makes them ideal for fabricating optical transistors atop CMOS chips, however in the past their slow electron-hole recombination time for emitting photons exceeded 100 picoseconds thereby limiting the speed with which signals could be modulated. Purdue University researchers have now cut that time to less than 1 picosecond–speedy enough for optical transistors that outperform silicon. The AZO films were fabricated with deep-level defects with an ultra-high carrier concentration enabling demonstrations by the researchers of 40 percent reflectance modulation levels with excitation and recombination times under one picosecond at low power–less than 4 miliJoules per square m2–when at the telecommunications wavelength of 1.3 microns.
For More Details: Terahertz Optical Transistors Beat Silicon
- What speed can the new optical transistor achieve?
The transistor is capable of 4 terahertz speeds. - How does this compare to silicon transistors?
It is potentially over 1000 times faster than silicon transistors. - What limits the speed of electrical transistors?
Electrical transistors are limited by RC delay time. - What limits the speed of these all-optical transistors?
The limiting mechanism is the recombination time. - Can these transistors be fabricated on standard chips?
Yes, they are CMOS-compatible and processed at low temperatures. - What wavelength do these devices operate at?
They operate at the telecommunications wavelength of 1.3 microns. - What is the power consumption level mentioned?
The devices operate at less than 4 miliJoules per square meter. - How much reflectance modulation was demonstrated?
Researchers demonstrated 40 percent reflectance modulation levels.
