You could always see 7-segment displays around you used to display digits, like in timer, clock, etc. In this mission, you are going to learn how it works and display numbers on it. Let’s start.
Step 1: What You Will Need
The parts you will need are all included in this Maker kit.
- SwiftIO board
- Shield
- 7-segment display
Step 2: 7-segment Display
Why is it called a 7-segment display? Yeah, it’s because it contains 7 segments ?. They are A, B, C, D, E, F, G, which are actually 7 LEDs. You could control them separately.
The anodes of 7 LEDs are connected together. You could notice there’s a pin for the power connection. If you want A to be illuminated, you need to set the pin to low voltage.
The way you set these LEDs decides how the display looks like. For example, to display the number 3, you will turn on A, B, C, D, G, and turn off E, F. Besides these numbers, you could display many other things, like characters.
Step 3: The Circuit
Place the shield on top of your SwiftIO board.
Connect the 7-segment display to pins reserved for it on the shield.
Step 4: The Code
The file SevenSegment.swift:
// Import the SwiftIO library to use everything in it.
import SwiftIO
// Import the board library to use the Id of the specific board.
import SwiftIOBoard
final class SevenSegment {
// Initialize the seven digital pins which are connected to the segment pins.
static let a = DigitalOut(Id.D8)
static let b = DigitalOut(Id.D7)
static let c = DigitalOut(Id.D6)
static let d = DigitalOut(Id.D5)
static let e = DigitalOut(Id.D4)
static let f = DigitalOut(Id.D2)
static let g = DigitalOut(Id.D3)
let leds = [a, b, c, d, e, f, g]
// Use a binary data to store the status of each segment for the number from 0 to 9.
// For each data, the last bit represents A and the second bit represents G.
let ledState: [UInt8] = [
0b00111111, 0b00000110, 0b01011011, 0b01001111, 0b01100110,
0b01101101, 0b01111101, 0b00000111, 0b01111111, 0b01101111
]
public func print(_ number: Int) {
let num = number % 10
let value = ledState[num]
// Get the value of each bit to determine whether the relevant segment is on or off.
for i in 0..<7{
let state = (value >> i) & 0x01
if state == 0 {
leds[i].write(true)
} else {
leds[i].write(false)
}
}
}
}
The file main.swift:
// Import the SwiftIO library to use everything in it.
import SwiftIO
// Import the board library to use the Id of the specific board.
import SwiftIOBoard
let number = 6
let sevenSeg = SevenSegment()
while true {
sevenSeg.print(number)
}
Step 5: Code Analysis
In this mission, you will not write all code in one file and separate it into two parts. This makes your code more clear and organized.
- The file SevenSegment.swift sets the 7-segment display and provides some easy-to-use functionalities.
- The file main.swift is to show the digit on the 7-segment display.
SevenSegment.swift
Let’s look at this file in detail.
import SwiftIO import SwiftIOBoard
As always, import the necessary libraries: SwiftIO and SwiftIOBoard. SwiftIO is used to control the input and output of the SwiftIO board. SwiftIOBoard defines the pin name of the board.
final class SevenSegment {
...
}
Then you will write the code in a class named SevenSegment. Briefly speaking, the class contains a block of code that allows you to create many instances with similar characteristics. It usually has methods (function in a class) and properties (constant or variable in a class).
The class normally could be inherited, and with the keyword final, it cannot be inherited any longer.
Note: the class is a reference type, so no matter how many instances you create, they actually point to the same one. If you change any of the instances, all will be changed with it. This is why the class is always used in your projects. Since the corresponding hardware is unique, any set will cause directly the change of the hardware.
static let a = DigitalOut(Id.D8) static let b = DigitalOut(Id.D7) static let c = DigitalOut(Id.D6) static let d = DigitalOut(Id.D5) static let e = DigitalOut(Id.D4) static let f = DigitalOut(Id.D2) static let g = DigitalOut(Id.D3)
Initialize the 7 digital pins. To better identify the segments later, you name these pins as a, b, c… The pins should just match the segments, or the final display will go wrong.
The keyword static makes these properties belong to the class, rather than to any instance of the class.
let leds = [a, b, c, d, e, f, g]
To simplify the code, you put them into an array, so that you could iterate them instead of dealing with them one by one manually.
An array is a collection of ordered values of the same type. To access its element, you could use its index. The index starts from 0. So if you want to access a, it’s written as led[0].
let ledState: [UInt8] = [
0b00111111, 0b00000110, 0b01011011, 0b01001111, 0b01100110,
0b01101101, 0b01111101, 0b00000111, 0b01111111, 0b01101111
]
This array contains the data to store the LED states of numbers from 0 to 9.
How does it work? There are 7 LEDs in total, so you could use a byte to represent its states. Each bit corresponds to an LED. 1 means the LED is on, 0 means off. Take the digit 0 for example, the image above shows how the data is formed.
You will deal with the bits from the least significant one, so that bit is reserved for a. To display digit 0, other segments need to be lighted except g. The first bit doesn’t match any LED, and you could just leave it as 0. Then you need to tell the computer the type of this data and add 0b to indicate it’s a binary number.
public func print(_ number: Int) {
...
}
After the preparation above, you are ready to set the 7-segment display.
You will create a method to show the number you pass to it. The keyword public is added so that you could use this method in other files.
let num = number % 10
Declare a constant to store the digit to be displayed. Since the 7-segment display could only display 1 digit, you use the remainder operator %. The number will be divided by 10 to get the remainder. For example, if the number is 45, num will be 5.
let value = ledState[num]
The num is then used as an index to access the elements in the array ledState. In this way, you get the exact value that stores the states of each LED.
for i in 0..<7{
...
}
There are 7 LEDs in total, you will iterate 7 times using a for-in loop. Here you will use the loop with a numeric range. ..< is the half-open range operator, which means i starts from 0 to 7 but doesn’t include 7.
At first, i equals 0. After the code inside the brackets is executed, i will be 1 and restarts the code, then repeat the process until all number is reached.
let state = (value >> i) & 0x01
This statement is to get the value of the bit. Let’s look at the operators here:
- >>: right shift, all bits will move to the right. The bits on the right will be discarded and 0 will be added to the empty bits on the left.
- &: bitwise AND operator, it will calculate each corresponding bit of two data. Only when both two bits are 1, the result will be 1, or it will be 0.
Suppose the value is 0b01011011. At first, i=0, the value remains unchanged and is calculated with 0x01, so the state will be 1, which represents LED a; when i=1, the state equals the last second bit of value, 1, which represents LED b; and so on.
if state == 0 {
leds[i].write(true)
} else {
leds[i].write(false)
}
You get the value of the state, that is, you know the state of the LED, so time to set the output!
The if-else statement is to decide the output voltage. If the value of state equals 0, that LED should be off, so write true to turn off it. Or else, that LED will be illuminated. As iterating over each bit, the states of all LEDs will be set.
main.swift
This file is quite simple since all work related to the 7-segment has been done in another file. Let’s take a quick look.
Import the libraries. Then of course it’s the number you would like to display.
Create an instance of the class SevenSegment, so you could use its method to display the number. Then use dot syntax to access the method and pass the number to it.
Well, it’s done .
This project uses one way to organize your code, there are still other ways, you’ll look into it later.
Step 6: Run the Project
After the code is successfully downloaded, the 7-segment display shows the number 6. You could also try to display other numbers or even make a count down.
Source: 7-segment Display Using Swift Language
